Thuban was the only inhabited planet in the system of the same name. It was sparsely populated in the 24th century and early 25th century because subspace communication was jammed, due to a subspace equaliscopic system mounted on an unmanned Starstreak-class freighter left adrift. It was the site of the Battle of Thuban during the ISC War of Pacification.
It was also on Thuban that the wreckage of the USS Boston was found. (Star Trek: False Vacuum: "Structural Unemployment")